考题
单选题As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals _____ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.A
relieveB
releaseC
dismissD
discard正确答案：B解析：句意：作为对空气污染造成的伤害的一种抵御，许多动植物释放出一种物质来吸收有害的化学物质。release释放，放出。relieve减轻，减缓。dismiss解雇。discard舍弃，丢弃。
考题
共用题干
Ecosystem1 The word " ecosystem" is short for ecological（生态的）system. An ecosystem is where living crea- tures expand within a given area.You can say that an ecosystem is the natural environment where biologicalorganisms（生物）such as plants,animals and humans co-exist in this world. So naturally that includes you and mne.Yes,we are all members of an ecosystem!2 There are different kinds of ecosystems depending on the type of suiface or environment. Most are naturally made 5uch as the ocean or lake and the desert or rainforest.Some are man-made or artificial to en- courage co-habitation（共居）between living and non-living things in a monitored environment,such as azoo or garden.3 Plants make up the biggest group of biological creatures within an ecosystem,and that's because they are the natural food producers for everyone.Plants raised in the earth need air and collect sunlight to help them grow.When they grow,the plants and their加its or flowers eventually become a source of food to animals,microorganisms (微生物）and even humans, of course. Food is then converted to energy for the rest of us to function,and this happens in a never-ending cycle until the living creatures die and break up back in the earth.4 Ecosystems are the basis of survival for all living things.We depend on plants and animals for food. In order for us to exist,we need to grow and care about other organisms.We also need tO care for the non一living things within our environment like our air and water so we can continue living as a population.Since plants, animals and humans are all of various species（物种）,we all play a role in maintaining the ecosystem.5 To preserve our ecosystems,we should stop using too much energy,which happens汕en we consume more than our share of resources. Humans should not disturb the natural habitat（栖息地）of plants and animals, and should allow them to grow healthily for the cycle to continue.Too many people in a habitat can mean dis- placement（搬迁）:imagine being thrown out of your home because there is no more space for everyone. Worse,overpopulation can also ruin the environment and cause destruction of existing plants and animals.In an ecosystem,plants,animals and humans live together in________.A:our share of resoureesB:a biological creatureC:a given areaD:the maintenance of the ecosystemE:the source of foodF:various species答案：C解析：由第二段的“There are different kinds of ecosystems depending on the type of surface or en- vironment.Most are naturally made...Some are man-made...”可知该段主要介绍了不同种类的生 态系统。故选B。第三段讲到，根植于土壤中的植物利用空气和阳光促进自身生长，又成为动物和微生物的食物来源，而动物死后则又分解到土壤中二所以此段讲的是生态系统的工作原理。第四段的主要内容是，生态系统是一切生物生存的基础，我们需要从中获取各种生存所 必需的物质。此段主要讲要维护生态系统，我们需要做些什么，从“To preserve our ecosystems, we should stop using too much energy...""Humans should not disturb the natural habitat..."等表述可 以看出来。由第一段第二句话“An ecosystem is where living creatures expand within a given area.”可 看出答案。山第三段第三句话“When they grow, the plants and their fruits or flowers eventually be- come a source of food to animals…”可知答案。由第四段末尾“…we all play a role in maintaining the ecosystem.”可知答案。effective在 此意为“起作用的”。由最后一段第一句话“To preserve our ecosystems, we should stop using too much energy, which happens when we consume more than our share of resources.”可知答案。第4部分：阅读理解第一篇 文章主要讲的是公共上地在美国能源生产方面的重大作用，分别从产量、税收、未开发的传 统能源、替代能源占全国的份额以及能源开发需求等方面进行了介绍。
考题
共用题干
第三篇Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events一 flowering,the appearance of leaves and the first frog calls of the spring一all around the world.But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere.Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specificresearch interest一birds,trees,flowers budding,etc.and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live in.All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send them in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology Network."Phenology"is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing eveiy year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project一which is open to every- one一record their observations on the Project BudBurst website."People don't have to be plant experts一they just have to look around and see what's in their neighbor- hood,"says Jennifer Schwartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect these data,we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climatechanges."What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A:To study when plants will have their first buds.B:To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C:To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.D:To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.答案：D解析：短文第一段提到科学家们不可能观察每一个地方的气候变化的现象，所以邀请普通人 为他们观察、收集信息。短文第二段讲到，平民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方 面，并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。结合选项，可知答案 为B。短文第二段最后一句话的后半部分“所要做的仅仅是每天或每周抽出几分钟的时间来 收集数据并发送到数据库”可知，"one”是针对citizen scientist来说的。全文都在讲述普通人参与科学项目的研究，只有A选项不符合题意。其他选项都能在 文中找到。短文最后一段指出，通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会 有怎样的影响。所以选D。第5部分：补全短文
考题
单选题Well-meaning friends and family members often tell those who live alone that _____.A
they should end their singleton as soon as possibleB
they should live together with other singletonsC
singleton is an acceptable life-styleD
singleton can shorten one’s life-span正确答案：D解析：文章一开始作者提到好心的朋友和家人都在安慰独居的人，并跟他们说没有人做伴，天也不会塌下来的。singleton意为“独居者”，原是超纲词汇，但文中已有解释，考生可明白其意思。
考题
共用题干
The FamilyThe structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently,the most common form in North America was the nuclear family,consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one anoth-er. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America,the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies,such as North America,and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits,who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh condi-tions,mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans,the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time,the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents,mother and father,brothers and sisters,uncles,aunts,and cousins. In North America today,there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced,separated,or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family,not just in North America,but throughout the world,continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.Another good title for this passage would be______.A: What Makes a Family? B: The Life of the InuitsC: Living With Hardship D: The Failure of the Nuclear Family答案：A解析：题干意为“下面哪个选项可以作为这篇短文另一个合适的标题？”该题为主旨题，短文开篇就提到了家庭结构，短文最后一句提到“不仅在北美洲，在全世界范围，家庭结构都会随着情况的不断变化而改变”，这也在谈论家庭结构，由此可见这篇短文的主题与家庭结构相关，由此可以进一步确认答案为A项“家庭的结构是什么”。题干意为“核心家庭的定义是什么？”该题为细节题，第一段的第三句话对核心家庭进行了定义：Until recently,the most common form in North America was the nu-clear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children．该句意为“在此以前，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们未成年的孩子构成”。由此可知A项 “由一对夫妇和他们未成年的孩子构成的家庭”是答案。题干意为“这篇文章最有可能出自哪里？”该题属于主旨题。该短文主题涉及家庭，因此最有可能出自人类学课本，所以A是正确的答案。题干意为“第一段的信息主要以何种方式陈述的？”根据第一段的陈述方式，并没有列出数据（A项）或者讲故事（B项），而是通过描述共性而阐述出核心家庭的概念。因此C项“指出相似性”是正确的答案。题干意为“mobility的词意是什么？”mobility是mobile“可移动的，机动的” 的名词形式。首先在短文中找到mobility存在的语境：（第二段）There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America,and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits,who live inharsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions ,mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.mobility所在的上下文提到“核心家庭结构良好地适应于……的生活。在恶劣的条件下，……能让一个家庭吃饱饭，对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要……。”四个选项中，A项“金钱”,B项“随时准备迁居”,C项“组织，机构”,D项“技能，技巧”，显然B项“随时准备迁居”填入mobility所在的语境中合适，因此答案为B。
考题
共用题干
Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events-flowering,the appearance of leaves,the first frog calls of the spring-all around the world.But ecologists can't be______(51)so they are turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere.______(52)there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they are asking for your help in_______(53)signs of climate change across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages______(54)people to observe a very specific research interest-birds,trees,flowers budding,etc-and send their observations______(55)a giant database to be observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a______(56)amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.______(57)like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live.______(58)that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and_______(59)it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year______(60) the NationalPhenology（生物气候学）Network."Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists______(61)to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle______(62)on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project-which is______(63)to everyone-record their observations on the Project BudBurst website."People don't______(64)to be plant experts-they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,"says Jennifer Scheartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect this data,we'11 be able to make an'estimate of______(65)plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."_________63A:common B:suitable C:open D:strange答案：C解析：空格后的句子表明，生态学家正向公民科学家寻求帮助，可推测出每个地方不可能都有生态学家。故此处应选择A项。 everywhere每个地方；anywhere任何地方（通常用于疑问句或否定句）;somewhere某些地方；nowhere任何地方都不。此处表示：因为世界上有很多地方，但科学家的数量却不足，所以他们才寻求帮助。所以选择D项。if如果，倘若；although尽管；when当……的时候；because因为。气候变化的迹象需要人们进行“观察”。give给，给予；show展示；develop发展，开发； observe观察，观测。结合上下文可知，公民科学家运动鼓励一般人观察非常具体的研究对象。special特殊的；professional专业的；skillful熟练的；ordinary普通的，一般的。send…to…是固定搭配，表示“把……送往……”，符合题意。公民科学家帮助搜集数据，为数不多的气候学家就可以分析大量的数据。空格处应该是在强调数据量的庞大，因此选择D项。small小的，少的limited有限的simple简单的，朴素的large大的，大规模的。空格所在的句子把公民记者与公民科学家进行比较，表明他们的作用相似。much like 表示“就像……一样”，其中much修饰like，符合题意。very like与……很像，但不能用在句首，因此排除A项like与as都有“像……一样”的意思，若连用则意思重复，因此排除C项； many是形容词，不能修饰介词like，因此排除D项。第二段最后一句表明，要想成为公民科学家中的一员，需要做的全部事情就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集并发送数据。all全部，所有；any任何；some一些，某些；most大多数，大部分。根据第二段第三句可知，公民科学家搜集完信息后要将信息发往一个巨大的数据库，供专业科学家进行分析，所以此处选用send(送往，发送）。print打印，冲洗；answer回答；keep 保持，保留。此处表示被称为国家物候网络的组织，应该用called，表示事物与名称的关系。known 被知道，若要表示“被称为”应用known as ; featured有……的特征；belonged属于，是……的成员；called被称为，被叫作。这句话的大意是：这个团体最初的努力要依靠科学家和非科学家这类人去搜集花开叶落的信息。alike相似的，一类的（人或物），通常作后置定语；like相似的，一般作前置定语；un-like不同的; likely可能的，有希望的。本句大意是：花季追踪计划搜集美国各地的植物的生长周期的数据。而且四个选项中唯有data可以与collects（搜集）搭配。point观点，看法；wonder奇迹，惊奇；data数据；interest 兴趣。本句大意是：参与这一项目的人―这一项目对所有人开放―他们仅仅需要看看周围有什么。common普通的，平常的；suitable合适的；open开放的；strange奇怪的。don't have to是固定搭配，意思是“无需，不必”，符合题意。want想要；forget忘记；mind 介意。这句话的大意是：通过搜集数据，我们就能估算出植物和生物群落对气候变化会做出怎样的反应。how表示对方式的提问，用在此处符合题意。wh。谁，用来提问或连接先行词为人的定语从句；before在……之前；since自从，常用来引导时间状语从句，从句常用过去时，主句常用现在完成时。
考题
填空题The world’s most extensive research effort on climate change is now regulated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program.____正确答案：I解析：由题干中“The world’s most extensive research effort”定位至I段，由本段可直接得出匹配段落为I段。
考题
共用题干
第二篇Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events一flowering,the appearance of leaves,the first frog calls of the spring一all around the world.But ecologists （生态学家）can' t be everywhere so they' re turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere.Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they're asking for your help in observing signs of c1imat。 ehang, across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe "very specificresearch interest一birds,trees,flowers budding,etc. and send their observations to a giant database （数据库）to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live.All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phonology Network."Phenology"is what scientists eni1 the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life eyele data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project一which is open to every- one一record their observations on the Project BudBurst website."People don't have to be plant experts一they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,"says Jennifer Schwartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how p'ants and communities（生物群落）of plants and animals will re- spond as the climate changes."What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A:To study when plants will have their first buds.B:To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C:To collect life cycle data on"variety of common plants from across the United States.D:To investigate how plants and animalsw lll respond as the climate changes.答案：D解析：由第二段可知，科学家是在请普通公民观察气候变化的某些迹象并将数据传到指定网址上，故选Co由第二段第三句“…encourages ordinary people to observe a very spccific research interesl—…send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists."可知应选B。仔细看该词所在句的前一句“Much like citizen journalists.., citizen scientists are ready for...”可知，one指one of citizen scientists。所以正确答案为B。文章倒数第二段提到“People participating in the project一which ie open to everyone"，山 此可知这个计划向所有人开放，因此A为本题答案。文章第一句“Understanding how nature responds to climate change"和文章最后一句“…to make an estimatc of how planu and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”都给出了研究的目的，所以D为正确答案。第三篇 本文主要介绍了撒哈扛沙漠的地理位置、气候权况、农业和交通运输状况
考题
共用题干
第二篇Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events一flowering,the appearance of leaves,the first frog calls of the spring一all around the world.But ecologists （生态学家）can' t be everywhere so they' re turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere.Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they're asking for your help in observing signs of c1imat。 ehang, across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe "very specificresearch interest一birds,trees,flowers budding,etc. and send their observations to a giant database （数据库）to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live.All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phonology Network."Phenology"is what scientists eni1 the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life eyele data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project一which is open to every- one一record their observations on the Project BudBurst website."People don't have to be plant experts一they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,"says Jennifer Schwartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how p'ants and communities（生物群落）of plants and animals will re- spond as the climate changes."Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them________________.A:to provide their personal life cyclesB:to observe the life cycle of plantsC:to collect data of the life cycle of living thingsD:to teach children knowledge about climate change 答案：C解析：由第二段可知，科学家是在请普通公民观察气候变化的某些迹象并将数据传到指定网址上，故选Co由第二段第三句“…encourages ordinary people to observe a very spccific research interesl—…send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists."可知应选B。仔细看该词所在句的前一句“Much like citizen journalists.., citizen scientists are ready for...”可知，one指one of citizen scientists。所以正确答案为B。文章倒数第二段提到“People participating in the project一which ie open to everyone"，山 此可知这个计划向所有人开放，因此A为本题答案。文章第一句“Understanding how nature responds to climate change"和文章最后一句“…to make an estimatc of how planu and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”都给出了研究的目的，所以D为正确答案。第三篇 本文主要介绍了撒哈扛沙漠的地理位置、气候权况、农业和交通运输状况
考题
共用题干
Lakes,Too,Feel Global WarmingThere's no doubt;In the last few decades,the average temperature on Earth has been higher than it hasbeen in hundreds of years,Around the world,people are starting to measure the effects of global warming一 and trying to figure out what to do about it.Scientists recently used satellites to study the temperatures of lakes around the world,and they found that lakes are heating up.Between 1985 and 2009,satellites recorded the nighttime temperatures of the sur- faces of 167 lakes.During those 24 years,the lakes got warmer一by an average of about 0.045 degreeCelsius per year.In some places,lakes have been warming by as much as 0.10 degree Celsius per year. At that rate,a lake may warm by a full degree Celsius in just 10 years?That difference may seem imull一you might not even notice it in your bath.But in a lake,slightly warmer temperatures could mean more algae（水藻）,and algae can make the lake poisonous（有毒的）to fish.The study shows that in some regions,lakes are warming faster than the air around them.This is impor- tant because scientists often use measurements of air temperature to study how Earth is warming.By using lake temperatures as well,scientists can get a better picture of global warming.The scientists say data on lakes give scientists a new way to measure the impact of climate change around the world.That’s going to be useful,since no country is too big or too small to ignore climate change.Scientists aren't the only ones concerned、 Everyone who lives on Earth is going to be affected by the rapid warming ofthe planet.Many world leaders believe we might be able to do something about it,especially by reducing the amount of greenhouse（温室）gases we put into the air.That’s why the United Nations started the F'ramework Convention on Climate Change,or UNFCCC. Every year the convention meets,and representatives from countries around the world gather to talk about climate change and discuss global solutions to the challenges of a warming world.The temperatures of lakes around the world have increased greatly between 1985 and 2009.A:Right B:WrongC:Not mentioned 答案：A解析：由第二段可知，科学家从1985年开始记录湖水温度的：到现在还不到30年。由第二段最后一句话可知，此判断正确。湖水在亚洲温暖的快在文中没有信息依据。由第三段最后一句话可知，此判断正确。由第四段第二句话可知，科学家经常用空气温度来研究地球变暖的问题，说明他们关 注的主要焦点在于空气温度。由第五段的内容可知，地球上的任何人都应关心全球变暖的问题。在文中没有提及今年的UNFCCC在哪举行。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
